Pharmacology GRM 26 & 53

Week 6-Chapter 26

1. What are the three main body fluid compartments?
a. intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma volume

2. Know the terms extracellular fluid, extravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid and intravascular fluid.
a. extracellular fluid: fluid outside the cells
b. extravascular fluid: fluid outside blood vessels
c. interstitial fluid: fluid between cells
d. intracellular fluid: fluid within a cell
e. intravascular fluid: fluid within blood vessels

3. What does isotonic mean?
a. equal concentration of solutes across a membrane

4. There are two forces within the capillaries that bring about the movement of water. Hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of the capillaries and oncotic or colloidal oncotic pressure pulls or retains water within the vessels. The arterial blood pressure is what provides for the hydrostatic pressure. It is a person’s arterial blood pressure that promotes the movement of fluid from within the capillaries to outside the capillaries (tissues and cells). Serum protein (albumin) is what causes a person to have oncotic pressure so it is actually the albumin that pulls water into the capillaries. So, hydrostatic pushes and oncotic pulls.

5. What is the principle extracellular electrolyte?
a. albumin

6. What are the three categories of agents used to replace lost fluids?
a. crystalloids, colloids, and blood products

7. What are the constituents of crystalloids?
a. fluids and electrolytes normally found in the body

8. How do colloids move fluid from the interstitial compartment to the plasma compartment? a. pull fluid from blood vessels

9. What are the indications for the following blood products?
a. Cryoprecipitate: 1, FFP: 1.7x, PRBCs: 2.2x, whole blood: 3.33


Week 6-Chapter 53

1. What are the two areas of the brain responsible for vomiting?
a. vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone

2. What are parents advised to do when a child ingests a toxin?
>?

3. How do most antiemetics work?
a. block one of 6 vomit pathways and in doing so block the neurologic stimulus that induces vomiting

4. Know the ways in which categories of antiemetics work by studying

Antiemetic Drugs: Mechanisms of Action
*Anticholinergics: scopolamine
Block Ach receptors in the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

*Antihistamines: diphenhydramine
Block H1 receptors, thereby preventing Ach from binding to receptors in the vestibular nuclei

*Neuroleptics: prochlorperazine
Block dopamine in the CTZ and may also block Ach

*Prokinetics: metoclopramide
Block dopamine in the CTZ or stimulate Ach receptors in the GI tract

*Serotonin blockers: ondansetron
Block serotonin receptors in the GI tract, CTZ, and VC

*Tetrahydrocannabinoids
Have inhibitory effects on the reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortexcerebral cortex